Table 1 Study subjects’ characteristics
Variables | Hypertensive OSA, n = 160 | Normotensive OSA, n = 44 | p |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 45.7 ± 11.8 | 34.9 ± 10.3 | < 0.001 |
Male, n (%) | 86 (53.8) | 14 (31.8) | 0.01 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.367 | ||
Malay | 70 (43.8) | 24 (54.5) | |
Chinese | 29 (18.11) | 4 (9.1) | |
Iban | 24 (15.0) | 7 (15.9) | |
Bidayuh | 31 (19.5) | 9 (20.5) | |
Others | 6 (3.8) | 0 (0) | |
Education status, n (%) | |||
No formal education | 4 (2.5) | 1 (2.3) | 0.211 |
Primary | 19 (11.9) | 1 (2.3) | |
Secondary | 84 (52.5) | 29 (65.9) | |
Tertiary | 53 (33.1) | 13 (29.5) | |
Co-morbidities, n (%) | |||
Type 2 diabetes | 96 (60.0) | 11 (25.0) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 149 (93.1) | 38 (86.4) | 0.151 |
Hyperuricemia | 103 (64.4) | 19 (43.2) | 0.011 |
Smoking, n (%) | |||
Yes | 24 (15.3) | 6 (13.6) | 0.208 |
No | 89 (56.7) | 31 (70.5) | |
Previous | 44 (28.0) | 7 (15.9) | |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.902 | ||
Yes | 34 (21.7) | 9 (20.5) | |
No | 98 (62.4) | 29 (65.9) | |
Previous | 25 (15.9) | 6 (13.6) | |
Family history of hypertension, n (%) | 141 (88.1) | 35 (79.5) | 0.342 |
OSA severity, n (%) | 0.363 | ||
Mild | 13 (8.1) | 6 (13.6) | |
Moderate | 43 (26.9) | 14 (31.8) | |
Severe | 104 (65.0) | 24 (54.5) | |
AHI, per hour | 46.1 ± 27.4 | 42.3 ± 28.2 | 0.424 |
ODI, per hour | 44.5 ± 25.1 | 42.0 ± 28.0 | 0.590 |
Minimum oxygen saturation, % | 71.0 (61.0, 79.0) | 71.0 (59.0, 80.0) | 0.753 |
Total apnea episodes | 40.0 (6.0, 172.0) | 15.0 (5.5, 159.0) | 0.526 |
Total hypopnea episodes | 140.0 (83.0, 213.5) | 110.0 (74.0, 215.5) | 0.357 |
Epworth Sleepiness Scale | 9.3 ± 5.2 | 9.1 ± 5.6 | 0.857 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 152.6 ± 17.6 | 126.7 ± 8.1 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 97.1 ± 13.0 | 82.1 ± 7.7 | < 0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 40.8 ± 7.3 | 40.2 ± 7.0 | 0.622 |
Uric acid, mmol/L | 427.8 ± 90.2 | 373.9 ± 78.7 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 6.4 (5.9, 6.9) | 5.9 (5.6, 6.4) | 0.002 |
Lipid profile, mmol/L | |||
Total cholesterol | 4.70 ± 1.04 | 5.02 ± 1.05 | 0.086 |
LDL-C | 2.72 ± 0.85 | 3.06 ± 0.73 | 0.016 |
HDL-C | 1.24 (1.11, 1.40) | 1.33 (1.19, 1.51) | 0.108 |
Triglycerides | 1.57 (1.12, 2.12) | 1.42 (1.00, 1.71) | 0.076 |
Statin use, n (%) | 93 (58.1) | 5 (11.4) | < 0.001 |
OAD use, n (%) | 58 (36.3) | 8 (18.2) | 0.023 |
Insulin use, n (%) | 15 (9.4) | 2 (4.5) | 0.305 |
PAC, ng/dL | 9.13 (6.52, 11.68) | 6.39 (4.54, 8.76) | < 0.001 |
PRC, μIU/mL | 13.66 (7.07, 24.72) | 17.86 (9.56, 27.52) | 0.129 |
ARR, ng/dL:μIU/mL | 0.649 (0.364, 1.245) | 0.374 (0.224, 0.653) | < 0.001 |