Fig. 6

Age-period-cohort analysis of global CKD incidence from 1990 to 2021. A Longitudinal age curve of CKD incidence; B cross-sectional age curve of CKD incidence; C comparison of longitudinal vs. cross-sectional rate ratios; D fitted temporal trends in CKD incidence; E period rate ratios over time; F cohort rate ratios by birth cohort; G local drifts in CKD incidence by age; H age deviations from the fitted model; I period deviations from the fitted model; J cohort deviations from the fitted model; K fitted cohort pattern of CKD incidence