Fig. 3

Changes in CKD incidence and CKD-related mortality from 1990 to 2021 according to population-level determinants of population growth, aging, and epidemiological change across different socio-demographic index quintiles and by sex. A Decomposition of CKD incidence by SDI quintile; B decomposition of CKD incidence by sex; C decomposition of CKD-related mortality by SDI quintile; D decomposition of CKD-related mortality by sex. The black dot represents the overall value of change contributed by all three components. Epidemiologic changes refer to the evolving patterns of CKD incidence and outcomes, independent of demographic shifts, as reflected in age- and population-standardized incidence and mortality. SDI, socio-demographic index